Language death and revival with particular focus on Celtic languages

Language death is nowadays a very real and serious problem. It can affect any language and society across the world. There is not one language which can be considered safe over a long period of time. Some of them, e.g. English have really good chances to ensure their survival, but even their future cannot be guaranteed. Such languages should not, however, be concerned about their future for the time being. It is the small, minority languages which are under threat of disappearance and exactly these languages should be given a great deal of public attention and help in order to prevent them from disappearing. Each of the current 7, 102 languages in the world is equally important. Each of them has its own history, culture and communities, and none of these should be neglected. There is no backward or primitive language, because each language is beautiful in itself. To lose a language means to lose its speakers’ history passed down for generations. Language is also a very important integral part of its speakers’ identity – to lose one’s language would mean to lose one’s identity; losing a language would also mean losing a culture – crafts, clothing, dance, art, music, etc., all mutually interconnected via language, would be forgotten and lost if it was not for the language and the opportunities it provides for them to be used. Language diversity should not be seen as an obstacle to progress, but rather as a treasure – a treasure which is to be cherished and valued. If there is something to be done in order to slow down or even reverse language death, it is high time to roll up our sleeves and start working. Some people take the problem of language death for granted because the languages at risk are languages they may not have even heard of. They are not, however, aware of how fast their own languages can end up in same situations. Endangered or ‘safe’, precaution measures have to be taken to avoid language death. Revival models are the best precaution measures, because they try to slow down or stop language death. In order to succeed, these must be supported by both government and community. In cases where this union was formed, languages have been saved successfully. The six living Celtic languages described in this thesis find themselves at different levels of endangerment. Their future is by no means secure, mostly because they live for centuries next to the world’s most powerful language. On the other hand, if it was not for the revival movements, no matter how successful or unsuccessful they were, the position of the Celtic languages would definitely be much worse. Language revival models should therefore be supported no matter where, because they are the first step towards long term preservation of a language

Grüss inequality for completely bounded maps

AbstractWe prove an inequality for completely bounded maps on unital C*-algebras, which generalizes the Grüss inequality and a trace inequality for bounded operators on Hilbert spaces proved by P.F. Renaud

Automated Static Perimetry: The Influence of Myopic Anisometropia on Evaluation of Visual Field

The aim of study was to establish which level of myopic refractive error influences visual field defects in automated static perimetry, if these defects are typical, and if optimal correction normalized the visual field. The study included 100 patients (200 eyes) divided into three groups according to the severity of the myopic refractive error: group A (till –3.25 Dsph), group B (–3.50 Dsph to –5.25 Dsph) and group C (–5.50 Dsph to –8.00 Dsph). The control group included 20 emmetropes (40 eyes). This study confirms that optimal corrected and uncorrected myopia up to –3.25 Dsph does not produce quantitative visual field defects, when tested by static automated perimetry. Even in optimally corrected myopics, with myopia higher than –5.50 Dsph, visual field defects on gray scale can be found. Defects are in the intermediary zone with more prominent defects in the upper quadrants. Visual field indices (MD, MS, LV, RF) were completely normalized

Primjena optimalnog kliznog režima upravljanja u sekundarnoj regulaciji frekvencije i djelatne snage razmjene regulacijskim hidroelektranama

In this paper an optimal load-frequency controller for a nonlinear power system is proposed. The mathematical model of the power system consists of one area with several power plants, a few concentrated loads and a transmission network, along with simplified models of the neighbouring areas. Firstly, a substitute linear model is derived, with its parameters being identified from the responses of the nonlinear model. That model is used for load-frequency control (LFC) algorithm synthesis, which is based on discrete-time sliding mode control. Due to a non-minimum phase behaviour of hydro power plants, full-state feedback sliding mode controller must be used. Therefore, an estimation method based on fast output sampling is proposed for estimating the unmeasured system states and disturbances. Finally, the controller parameters are optimized using a genetic algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed control algorithm with the proposed estimation technique can be used for LFC in a nonlinear power system.U radu se predlaže optimalna regulacija frekvencije i djelatne snage razmjene za nelinearni elektroenergetski sustav. Unutar matematičkog modela sustava jedno se regulacijsko područje sastoji od nekoliko elektrana, manjeg broja koncentriranih trošila i prijenosne mreže. Ostala su regulacijska područja u modelu modelirana pojednostavljeno, nadomjesnim linearnim modelom sustava čiji su parametri dobiveni identifikacijom iz odziva nelinearnog sustava. Taj je linearni model zatim primijenjen u sintezi algoritma sekundarne regulacije koji je zasnovan na kliznom režimu upravljanja. Zbog neminimalno-faznog vladanja hidroelektrana primijenjena je struktura regulatora zasnovana na svim varijablama stanja sustava. Estimacija nemjerljivih stanja i poremećaja zasnovana je na metodi brzog uzorkovanja izlaznih signala sustava. Optimizacija parametara regulatora provedena je korištenjem genetičkog algoritma. Simulacijski rezultati pokazuju kako je predloženi upravljački algoritam, uz predloženu metodu estimacije, moguće koristiti za sekundarnu regulaciju frekvencije i djelatne snage razmjene u nelinearnom elektroenergetskom sustavu

On bounds for weighted norms for matrices and integral operators

AbstractIn this note we consider inequalities of the form ∥Ax∥ω,q⩽λ∥Bx∥v,p, where A and B are matrices or integral operators, x decreasing sequence or function and ω and v are weights. Obtained results are generalizations of results of G. Bennett [Linear Algebra Appl. 82 (1986) 81] and P.E. Renaud [Bull. Aust. Math. Soc. 34 (1986) 225]

Konveksna optimizacija u učenju CMAC neuronskih mreža

Simplicity of structure and learning algorithm play an important role in the real-time application of neural networks. The Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller (CMAC) neural network, with associative memory type of organization and Hebbian learning rule, satisfies these two conditions. But, Hebbian rule gives poor performance during off-line identification, which is used as a preparation phase for on-line implementation. In this paper we show that optimal CMAC network parameters can be found via convex optimization technique. For standard l2 approximation this is equivalent to the solution of Quadratic Program (QP), while for l1 or l‡ approximation solving Linear Program (LP) suffices. In both cases physical constraints on parameter values can be included in an easy and straightforward way.Jednostavnost građe i algoritama učenja od iznimne su važnosti u primjenama neuronskih mreža u stvarnom vremenu. CMAC neuronska mreža s asocijativnom memorijskom organizacijom i Hebbianovim algoritmom učenja udovoljava ovim zahtjevima. Međutim, Hebbianov algoritam učenja ne daje dobre rezultate pri off-line identifikaciji, koja se koristi kao pripremna faza za on-line identifikaciju. U ovom se članku pokazuje da se optimalne vrijednosti parametara CMAC neuronske mreže mogu dobiti primjenom tehnika konveksne optimizacije. Za standardnu l2 aproksimaciju koristi se kvadratno programiranje (QP), a za l1 i l‡ aproksimacije linearno programiranje (LP). U oba je slučaja jednostavno uključiti fizikalna ograničenja na vrijednosti parametara u algoritam optimizacije

Algoritam za sprječavanje zastoja temeljen na uzastopnoj kontroli sifona Petrijeve mreže

This paper presents a formal calculation method of a deadlock prevention supervisor by the use of Petri nets. The proposed algorithm uses reachability tree to detect deadlock state and iterative siphon control method to synthesize the deadlock prevention supervisor. Such supervisor is maximally permissive and consists of minimal number of control places. The algorithm is intended for reversible or partially reversible P-T Petri net, but it can also be applied to Ordinary Petri nets. The calculation of the supervisor is illustrated by two examples. The first example shows the synthesis of deadlock prevention supervisor in a manufacturing system consisting of three conveyors and three robots, where the deadlock can occur due to concurrent requests of the conveyors for the robot engagements and unpredictable duration of those engagements. The second example shows the synthesis of deadlock prevention supervisor in a marine traffic system, where dangerous vessel deadlock situations may occur in case of vessels\u27 irregular motion through the system. To avoid this, the vessel traffic is supervised and controlled by traffic lights using the deadlock prevention supervisor, which is responsible for vessels\u27 stopping only in the case of dangerous situation and until this situation elapses.Članak opisuje formalnu metodu proračuna nadzornika za sprječavanje zastoja korištenjem Petrijevih mreža. Predloženi algoritam koristi stablo dostupnih stanja za detekciju stanja zastoja i metodu uzastopne kontrole sifona za sintezu nadzornika za sprječavanje zastoja. Nadzornik je najviše dopuštajući i sadrži najmanji broj kontrolnih mjesta. Algoritam je namijenjen za reverzibilne ili djelomično reverzibilne P-T Petrijeve mreže, ali se može koristiti i za obične Petrijeve mreže. Proračun nadzornika pokazan je na dva primjera. Prvi primjer prikazuje sintezu nadzornika za sprječavanje zastoja u fleksibilnom proizvodnom sustavu s tri robota i tri proizvodne trake, gdje se zastoj može dogoditi zbog međusobnog natjecanja transportnih traka za angažiranjem robota te zbog nepredvidljivosti trajanja tih angažmana. Drugi primjer prikazuje sintezu nadzornika u pomorskom prometnom sustavu, gdje se opasne situacije zastoja plovila mogu dogoditi poradi neodgovarajućeg pomicanja plovila kroz sustav. Da bi se to izbjeglo, promet plovila se nadzire i upravlja pomoću svjetlosne signalizacije korištenjem nadzornika za sprječavanje zastoja, koji je odgovoran za zaustavljanje plovila samo u slučaju opasnog stanja te dok to stanje ne nestane

LES DERNIÈRES ANNÉES DE VIE ET D’ACTIVITÉ POLITIQUE DE GAJO BULAT

Gajo Filomen Bulat (1836-1900), avocat, compte parmi les politiciens les plus notoires du parti national croate. En tant que membre de ce parti, il lutta pour qu’en Dalmatie – terre croate – domine la langue croate comme langue officielle à l’école, en justice et dans l’administration, au lieu de l’italienne qui avait été artificiellement imposée pour des raisons de politique offensive. Il lutta aussi pour l’union de la Dalmatie avec la Croatie du »ban«, contre laquelle les dirigeants de la monarchie des Habsbourg s’opposèrent constamment et violemment. L’un de ses plus grands mérites est d’avoir fait passer la Commune de Split entre les mains du parti national, en 1882. (Elle était auparavant aux mains du parti des autonomistes). Il fut aussi le Maire de Split de 1885 à 1893. Bulat fut constamment élu comme député à la Diète dalmate depuis 1876, et au Conseil Impérial (Parlement), à partir de 1879. Dès 1895 il fut nommé Président de la Diète dalmate. Bulat consacra les dernières années de sa vie et de son activité politique à la consolidation du parti national (croate) dont il était l’un des leaders les plus influents. Ce parti menait une politique opportuniste, raison pour laquelle il fut souvent et durement attaqué par l’opposition dirigée par le parti dalmate »du Droit«. Tant à la Diète dalmate qu’au Conseil impérial, Bulat se consacra à l’introduction de la langue croate dans les organes administratifs de Dalmatie, de même qu’à la construction de la ligne de chemin de fer Split-Aržano-Bugojno qui aurait relié la Dalmatia à son arrière-pays. Le parti national croate a acquis de grands mérites par sa lutte politiconationale, mais il avait aussi de nombreuses faiblesses. Gajo F. Bulat est présent dans tous ces mérites et faiblesses

Algoritam za sprječavanje zastoja temeljen na uzastopnoj kontroli sifona Petrijeve mreže

This paper presents a formal calculation method of a deadlock prevention supervisor by the use of Petri nets. The proposed algorithm uses reachability tree to detect deadlock state and iterative siphon control method to synthesize the deadlock prevention supervisor. Such supervisor is maximally permissive and consists of minimal number of control places. The algorithm is intended for reversible or partially reversible P-T Petri net, but it can also be applied to Ordinary Petri nets. The calculation of the supervisor is illustrated by two examples. The first example shows the synthesis of deadlock prevention supervisor in a manufacturing system consisting of three conveyors and three robots, where the deadlock can occur due to concurrent requests of the conveyors for the robot engagements and unpredictable duration of those engagements. The second example shows the synthesis of deadlock prevention supervisor in a marine traffic system, where dangerous vessel deadlock situations may occur in case of vessels\u27 irregular motion through the system. To avoid this, the vessel traffic is supervised and controlled by traffic lights using the deadlock prevention supervisor, which is responsible for vessels\u27 stopping only in the case of dangerous situation and until this situation elapses.Članak opisuje formalnu metodu proračuna nadzornika za sprječavanje zastoja korištenjem Petrijevih mreža. Predloženi algoritam koristi stablo dostupnih stanja za detekciju stanja zastoja i metodu uzastopne kontrole sifona za sintezu nadzornika za sprječavanje zastoja. Nadzornik je najviše dopuštajući i sadrži najmanji broj kontrolnih mjesta. Algoritam je namijenjen za reverzibilne ili djelomično reverzibilne P-T Petrijeve mreže, ali se može koristiti i za obične Petrijeve mreže. Proračun nadzornika pokazan je na dva primjera. Prvi primjer prikazuje sintezu nadzornika za sprječavanje zastoja u fleksibilnom proizvodnom sustavu s tri robota i tri proizvodne trake, gdje se zastoj može dogoditi zbog međusobnog natjecanja transportnih traka za angažiranjem robota te zbog nepredvidljivosti trajanja tih angažmana. Drugi primjer prikazuje sintezu nadzornika u pomorskom prometnom sustavu, gdje se opasne situacije zastoja plovila mogu dogoditi poradi neodgovarajućeg pomicanja plovila kroz sustav. Da bi se to izbjeglo, promet plovila se nadzire i upravlja pomoću svjetlosne signalizacije korištenjem nadzornika za sprječavanje zastoja, koji je odgovoran za zaustavljanje plovila samo u slučaju opasnog stanja te dok to stanje ne nestane